Comfort with LGB people and attitudes toward same-sex parenting in Continental American Hispanic Nations.

Negative attitudes toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) individuals leads to a perceived inability of LGB individuals to foster 'appropriate' family relationships, inciting negative attitudes specifically toward same-sex parenting. Intergroup and interpersonal relationships play a critical role in fostering attitudes toward others wherein type of contact, frequency, degree of closeness in the relationship, and the positivity/negativity of interactions are potential mediator of these relations, Moreover, the mechanism behind co-constructing positive relationships with sexual and gender minorities is comfort with contact with LGB individuals. The present study explored the effects of interpersonal contact and the mediator role of comfort with LGB people in explaining attitudes toward same-sex parenting in Spanish-speaking countries in North, Central, and South America. These countries are of particular interest given the dearth of research in the region on attitudes toward same-sex parenting as well as the varying degrees of acceptance of and protections for same-sex parented families. A non-probabilistic sample of 1955 heterosexual cisgender participants from 14 countries was asked to complete a series of sociodemographic questions, a questionnaire about their interpersonal contact/comfort experiences with LGB people, and the Attitudes Toward Gay and Lesbian Parenting Scale. Results showed that comfort was vital in fostering accepting attitudes toward Same-Sex Parenting across countries. Findings also suggested that comfort with LGB people has a particularly powerful influence in regions with less legal and cultural acceptance of LGB individuals. Policies are not enough to instill widespread change: we must encourage, facilitate, and supervise the formation of relationships with LGB people.

Authentic gender development in non-binary children.

At present, the conceptualization of gender as a spectrum as well as non-binary identities have become increasingly visible and embraced. We are using non-binary as an umbrella term that refers to individuals who self-identify as a gender outside the gender binary, and/or who do not identify as always and completely being just a man or a woman. Our goal is to begin to create a framework for understanding gender development in non-binary children ages 0 to 8, since previous models have operated on cissupremacist assumptions, not applicable to non-binary people. As there is virtually no empirical data on the subject, we conducted a thorough literature review of current gender development theories and used our positionality as non-binary researchers to postulate two minimum criteria for non-binary gender identification: that a child learns about the existence of non-binary identities, and that they do not identify with the definitions they have been taught of what a boy or girl is. Children can learn about non-binary identities through media and knowledgeable community members and can develop "gender traits" authentically and come to identify as non-binary through biological predispositions, parental support, modeling, and being in peer groups that are supportive of identity exploration. Yet, children are not simply a product of their nature and nurture, as evidence has shown that humans are active agents in their gender development from a young age.

Attitudes Toward Lesbians, Gay Men, and Their Rights in a Sample of Ecuadorian Cisgender Men and Women.

Since 1997, Ecuador has undergone a series of changes to ensure family rights to sexual minorities. However, there is still limited research regarding attitudes toward them. This study focused on the attitudes toward lesbians (L), gay men (G), and their rights. A sample of 318 cisgender Ecuadorians who responded to an online survey was recruited. Analyses indicated that men, heterosexuals, who practice their religion, attend more frequently to religious services, and identify as conservative showed higher levels of prejudice against LG as well as less support toward their rights. Further, participants who did not have LG acquaintances, friends, family members, and those who did not know any LG parented family showed less support toward these populations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that believing that a person's sexual orientation is learned significantly predicted the attitudes measured in our study. Implications of these findings to help reduce prejudice against LG individuals are discussed.

Are the children alright? A systematic review of psychological adjustment of children conceived by assisted reproductive technologies.

The present systematic review aims to assess the psychological adjustment of children born through assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and to screen for clinical problems when compared with normative data from the standardized indexes of mental health. Following PRISMA guidelines, the search was conducted from inception through September 2021 using APA PsycInfo, APA PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and RCAAP. Search terms related to ART and children's psychological adjustment were combined to Boolean operators to identify relevant published studies in English, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Peer-reviewed studies focused on the psychological adjustment of ART children aged between the 3 and 11 years were included. From a total of 337 results, 45 papers were eligible to be included in this review. Data extraction was performed independently by two authors and revised and confirmed by other two authors. All children scored below the clinical range for psychiatric symptoms when compared with normative data for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) or the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), regardless of type of ART and different family configurations. Further, some evidence suggests that surrogacy children with gay fathers present the lowest levels of psychological problems when compared to normative data. These findings enable practitioners to develop an informed view of ART children mental health outcomes to help parents find more adaptive strategies to navigate their chosen pathways in healthier ways.

Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) in Different Hispanic Countries: An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Parental burnout is a unique and context-specific syndrome resulting from a chronic imbalance of risks over resources in the parenting domain. The current research aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) across Spanish-speaking countries with two consecutive studies. In Study 1, we analyzed the data through a bifactor model within an Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) on the pooled sample of participants (N = 1,979) obtaining good fit indices. We then attained measurement invariance across both gender and countries in a set of nested models with gradually increasing parameter constraints. Latent means comparisons across countries showed that among the participants' countries, Chile had the highest parental burnout score, likewise, comparisons across gender evidenced that mothers displayed higher scores than fathers, as shown in previous studies. Reliability coefficients were high. In Study 2 (N = 1,171), we tested the relations between parental burnout and three specific consequences, i.e., escape and suicidal ideations, parental neglect, and parental violence toward one's children. The medium to large associations found provided support for the PBA's predictive validity. Overall, we concluded that the Spanish version of the PBA has good psychometric properties. The results support its relevance for the assessment of parental burnout among Spanish-speaking parents, offering new opportunities for cross-cultural research in the parenting domain.

Attachment research and anti-racism: learning from Black and Brown scholars.

Preliminary evidence suggests that people and scholars of African and/or Latin American and Caribbean origin are often under-represented in mainstream attachment scholarship. In this commentary, we highlight the difficulty of conducting attachment theory research outside of the United States, particularly in Latin American countries. We reflect on the contributions by the authors of this special issue . We also identify (a) ways in which to center the experiences of Black and Brown people and scholars to push the field toward antiracism, and (b) the challenges of attachment theory and research in becoming anti-racist by considering the structural nature of racism.

Mother Behavior Q-Set (MBQS)Dimensionalidad del Q-set del comportamiento materno en muestras de México, Colombia y Uruguay / Mother Behavior Q-Set (MBQS): Dimensionality of the Mother Behavior Q-Set in samples from Mexico, Colombia and Uruguay

La sensibilidad se refiere a la capacidad del cuidador para percibir las señales del niño, interpretarlas correctamente y responder a ellas de manera contingente y apropiada. El Q Set del Comportamiento Materno (MBQS) fue creado a partir de descripciones teóricas y empíricas de la sensibilidad. Los Q-sorts se asocian con la metodología cuantitativa debido a que asignan puntajes; además, combinan la metodología cualitativa al hacer un estudio sistemático de la subjetividad. Son pocos los artículos que se ocupan de explorar el análisis, la validez interna, la confiabilidad o la replicabilidad externa de los Q-sorts. Usualmente los datos se reducen por medio de un análisis de componentes principales o análisis factorial. Sin embargo, en los Q-sorts se correlacionan los participantes para dilucidar las relaciones entre ellos en lugar de correlacionar las variables. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue encontrar evidencia respecto a la validez basada en la estructura interna del MBQS con el apoyo del software R y el paquete qmethod. Colaboraron 37 díadas mexicanas mamá-bebés, 35 colombianas y 24 uruguayas. En el 2002, Posada y colaboradores propusieron siete escalas. Las escalas en las que nuestro modelo factorial presentó un buen ajuste son las que tienen menos ítems, lo cual puede ser indicativo de que la falta de ajuste tiene que ver con la identificación del modelo debido a que se cuenta con pocas observaciones. Consideramos que tanto el uso del MBQS para evaluar la sensibilidad como del paquete qmethod para realizar el análisis resulta novedoso, relevante y pertinente

Sensitivity refers to the caregiver's ability to perceive infant's cues, interpret them correctly, and respond to them in a contingent and appropriate way. The Maternal Behavior Q Set (MBQS) was created from theoretical and empirical descriptions of sensitivity. Q-methodology is associated with the quantitative methodology because it assigns scores; in addition, it combines qualitative methodology by making a systematic study of subjectivity. Few papers are concerned with exploring the analysis, internal validity, reliability, or external replicability of Q studies. Usually analyses reduce data to a few summarizing factors, based on principal component analysis or centroid factor analysis. Q-factor analysis method was developed especially for q-sorted data; it is a by-person factor analysis which is used to identify groups of participants who make sense of a pool of items in comparable way. The aim of this study was to find evidence regarding the validity based on the internal structure of the MBQS using the R software and the qmethod package. Thirty-seven Mexican, 35 Colombian and 24 Uruguayan mother-baby dyads collaborated. In 2002, Posada et al. proposed seven scales. The scales in which our factorial model presented a good fit are those with the fewest items, which may be indicative that the lack of fit has to do with the identification of the model because there are few observations. We consider that both the use of the MBQS to assess sensitivity and the qmethod package to perform the analysis is novel, relevant and pertinent.

Significados de madres y padres mexicanos del mismo género en torno a la crianza / Meanings of Mexican same-sex parents around parenting

Este estudio muestra los significados expresados por tres parejas del mismo género (cuatro mujeres y dos hombres) sobre la crianza de sus hijas e hijos, quienes tenían entre uno y tres años de edad. Desde un enfoque hermenéutico-interpretativo, analizamos entrevistas narrativas, resultando en las siguientes categorías: Importancia de verbalizar y explicar; Reglas, límites y consecuencias; Enseñanza y aprendizaje de valores y habilidades sociales; Mantener una relación cercana; Rasgos/atributos personales valorados (en las y los niños). Encontramos diversas funciones asumidas en su labor como educadores, que se vincularon de forma dinámica con lo que esperaban y valoraban en cuanto a aprendizaje y desarrollo. Fue importante para ellos/as complacer, dar gusto y satisfacer las necesidades de sus niñas y niños, sin que esto significara descuidar una alimentación saludable, establecer y mantener reglas y rutinas, así como enseñar habilidades acordes a su edad. Un significado compartido giró en torno al lenguaje y comunicación, pues para los adultos era importante explicar: desde rutinas, hasta verbalizar sentimientos, o hacer explícito su tipo de familia (tener dos padres o dos madres); siempre considerando lo que puede comprenderse a esa edad. También fue importante para los adultos que sus hijos e hijas fueran alegres y sintieran su amor, manteniendo una relación cercana: cálida, lúdica y afectuosa. Concluimos que estos padres gais y madres lesbianas significaron a la crianza como una tarea amorosa, ardua, permanente y dirigida a formar sujetos con derechos, con quienes se podía negociar y llegar a acuerdos, aun siendo niños y niñas

This study shows the meanings expressed by three Mexican same-gender couples (four women and two men) about the upbringing of their daughters and sons, who were aged between one and three years. From a hermeneutic-interpretative approach, we analysed narrative interviews, resulting in the following categories: Importance of verbalizing and expressing; Rules, limits and consequences; Teaching and learning values and social skills; Maintain a warm relationship; Personal traits/attributes valued (in children). We found that fathers and mothers played different roles in their work as educators, which were linked dynamically with what they expect and value in terms of learning and development. It was important for them to please, to indulge and to satisfy their children's needs, without this neglecting a healthy diet, establishing and maintaining rules and routines, as well as teaching values and skills according to their age. A shared meaning revolved around language and communication: for adults it was important explaining routines, verbalizing feelings, or making explicit their type of family (having two fathers or two mothers); always considering what can be understood at that age. It was also important for our participants that their sons and daughters felt happy and loved through a close, warm, playful and affectionate relationship. We conclude that these gay parents and lesbian mothers meant the upbringing as a loving, arduous and permanent task, committed to forming subjects with rights, with whom they could negotiate and reach agreements

Preditores do envolvimento paterno numa amostra de famílias portuguesas. O papel das crenças parentais / Predictors of Father's Involvement in a Sample of Portuguese families. The Role of Parenting Beliefs

Resumo O presente estudo visou analisar preditores do envolvimento paterno em atividades do dia-a-dia relacionadas com a criança, considerando a perspetiva do pai (crenças sobre o papel do pai) e testando o possível papel regulador da mãe (via crenças maternas). Foram controladas variáveis sociodemográficas dos cuidadores (e.g., habilitações) e da criança (e.g., sexo). Participaram no estudo 241 famílias nucleares (pai, mãe e criança-alvo). Análises de regressão múltipla hierárquica indicam que apenas os modelos relativos aos cuidados são significativos, e que os preditores são distintos consoante os domínios analisados. Obteve-se, ainda, um efeito de inte-ração entre as crenças maternas e o sexo da criança, indicando o potencial papel regulatório da mãe no modo como os pais estão envolvidos nos cuidados diretos às raparigas. Estes resultados colocam questões importantes para o trabalho com as famílias no sentido de promover um maior envolvimento positivo do pai.

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze predictors of father's involvement in day-to-day activities related to the child, from his perspective (beliefs about the role of the father), but also testing the regulatory role of the mother (maternal beliefs). Parents (e.g., education) and child's (e.g., sex) sociodemographic variables were controlled. Participants were 241 Portuguese bi-parental families (father, mother and target-child). Multiple hierarquical regression analyses showed that only for care the models reached significance, and that the predictors of father's involvement vary according to the domains analyzed. An interaction effect was found between mother's beliefs and child sex, suggesting that mothers have a role in the way fathers are involved in direct care with girls. These results foster important questions for interventions with families in order to promote father's positive involvement.

Secure base scripted knowledge and preschoolers' social competence in samples from Mexico and Peru.

A central hypothesis in attachment theory poses that child-mother relationships have implications for children's social competence. A key task for researchers is that of investigating the pathways responsible for the association found between child attachment security and social competence. We studied whether children's secure base representations, defined as scripts, are associated with assessments of social competence in a preschool setting. We tested this association in samples from Mexico and Peru. Preschoolers' attachment representations were assessed via narratives gathered with the Attachment Story Completion Task. Teachers (in Mexico) and mothers (in Peru) provided questionnaire information about social competence. Attachment scripts predicted children's social competence in both samples. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory and research.

A Comparative Study of Attitudes Toward Same-Gender Parenting and Gay and Lesbian Rights in Portugal and in Mexico.

The belief that gay men and lesbians are unable to provide a stable environment in which to raise children fuels manifestations of sexual prejudice that are still highly prevalent in Portugal and Mexico. The aim of this study was to assess attitudes toward same-gender parenting and gay and lesbian rights, as well as beliefs about the controllability of homosexuality among a sample of 531 university students. A further aim was to assess the predictors of attitudes toward same-gender parenting. Results revealed the existence of ambivalent attitudes toward same-gender parenting. The belief that homosexuality is a choice and thus controllable in particular explained over 50% of the total variance of attitudes toward same-gender parenting. Being a man, older, and highly religious predicted higher levels of sexual prejudice regarding same-gender parenting. Comparative cross-cultural studies have the potential to highlight common features but also specificities of sexual prejudice.

Can Children Have Ordinary Expectable Caregiving Environments in Unconventional Contexts? Quality of Care Organization in Three Mexican Same-Sex Planned Families.

The aim of this research was to explore the elements that configure the quality of care among three Mexican same-sex planned families: two female-parented families (through donor insemination) and a male-parented one (through adoption). The first family consisted of two mothers and a 3-year-old daughter; the second one had two mothers and a 1.5-year-old set of boy twins and the third family consisted of two fathers and a 2-year-old girl. It was assumed that Ainsworth's notions of quality of care organization are useful in order to understand caregiver-child attachment relationships, regardless of the parents' sexual orientation. A collective case study was selected due to the fact that these families shared their "unconventionality" (i.e., parents were not heterosexual) and the fact that they were planned, but each one constituted a particular case with a unique configuration. Four trained independent observers used the q-sort methodology (Maternal Behavior Q-Sort and Attachment Q-Sort) to describe parents' and children's behavior, respectively. The findings showed that parents were highly sensitive and all children used them as a secure base. To provide an in-depth examination of which elements configure the quality of care, a semi-structured interview with each parent was carried out. Through a thematic analysis, an over-arching theme named Affections and Emotions was identified, together with six subthemes: (1) Creating an affective environment; (2) Being available; (3) Acknowledging and expressing emotions; (4) Perceiving, interpreting and responding adequately to the child's real self; (5) Taking the child's perspective into account; and (6) Agreeing on roles and dividing the tasks. In order to showcase the particular configuration of gay parenting, the male-headed family narrative is reported in detail, because gay parents have been perceived as violating traditional gender roles as well as the hegemonic model of masculinity. The findings were consistent with the notion of quality of care as proposed by Ainsworth and her collaborators. The implications of the methodological device and research regarding same-sex planned families are discussed so as to understand the organization of the caregiving environment.

Are the Fathers Alright? A Systematic and Critical Review of Studies on Gay and Bisexual Fatherhood.

The purpose of the present systematic and critical review was to assess the findings and to identify the gaps in the literature concerning gay and bisexual fathers. A comprehensive search of relevant literature using electronic databases and reference lists for articles published until December 2016 was conducted. A total of 63 studies, spanning from 1979 to 2016, were collected. More than half of the studies were published after 2011 and the overwhelming majority were conducted in the United States. Nine themes were identified in the studies reviewed: (1) Pathways to fatherhood; (2) Motivations for fatherhood; (3) Parenting experiences and childrearing; (4) Family life and relationship quality; (5) Gender and father identities and gender-role orientation; (6) Disclosure of sexual identity; (7) Social climate; (8) Father's psychosocial adjustment; and (9) Children's psychosocial adjustment. It was found that research on gay fatherhood appears to be more heterogeneous than on lesbian motherhood, perhaps because of the variety of pathways to parenthood (via co-parenting, adoption, fostering, or surrogacy). Two-father families are becoming more visible in research on sexual minority parenting and gradually transforming the conceptualization of parenting in family research.

Asistencia intermitente y deserción en Educación Inicial. Testimonios de madres uruguayas / Erratic assistance and dropout in Early Childhood Education. Uruguayan mother's testimonies / Frequência e abandono escolar na Educação Infantil. Testemunhos das mães uruguaias

A veinte años de la universalización de la Educación Inicial (EI) se reportan elevados niveles de ausentismo y asistencia intermitente en niños y niñas que asisten a los niveles de 4 y 5 en escuelas públicas. Montevideo, Canelones y Tacuarembó cuentan con escuelas de Contexto Sociocultural Crítico. Nos propusimos comprender qué factores inciden en la asistencia intermitente y la deserción en EI, desde el discurso de cinco madres de familia. Producto de las entrevistas a profundidad emergieron diversas categorías que dan cuenta de la multicausalidad del fenómeno, así como estrategias que contribuyen a revertirlo con la participación de todos actores y actrices involucrados e involucradas. Consideramos que el afianzamiento del vínculo familiaescuela- comunidad (Educación Inicial de Base Segura) y el fortalecimiento de las redes sociales potencian la permanencia del niño y la niña en el sistema educativo.

Even 20 years from the anchoring of an Early Childhood program into our educational system, absenteeism and erratic assistance are still a challenge public schools face. Given that schools in Montevideo, Canelones and Tacuarembó encounter an awry sociocultural background, we were determined to find the reasons behind such high levels of absences and desertions. Five interviews were done thoroughly to different mothers; which helped us pinpoint specific causes to understand the multi-causality of the problem, as well as some integrated strategies that respond to the interests and motivations of the actors involved. We are confident that having a functional network of attachment bonds (Secure Base Childcare) can assure stability for the development of children at young ages.

Vinte anos depois da universalização da Educação Infantil (EI) reportam-se problemas na assistência e abandono escolar em crianças dos níveis 4 e 5 das escolas públicas. Montevideo, Canelones e Tacuarembó contam com escolas pertencentes aos Contextos Socioculturais Críticos. Propusemo-nos a compreender os fatores que incidem na frequência e o abandono em EI, a partir das experiências de cinco mães de família. As principais informaçãµes obtidas através das entrevistas em profundidade geraram categorias que evidenciam a multicausalidade do fenômeno em questão e algumas estratégias possíveis mediante a participação dos atores educativos. Consideramos que a estabilização do vínculo família-escola e o fortalecimento das redes sociais potenciam a permanência das crianças no sistema educativo.

Sensibilidad, comportamiento de base segura y desarrollo sociocognitivo en centros de educación inicial en México / Sensitivity, Secure Base Behavior and Socio-Cognitive Development in Mexican Childcare Settings

La calidad del cuidado una variable es determinante en el desarrollo infantil temprano: en Centros de Educación Inicial (CEI), las interacciones Cuidador Secundario Profesional (CSP)-infante constituyen el núcleo de dicho proceso. El propósito de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación entre la sensibilidad de las CSP y el comportamiento de base segura de los infantes con su desarrollo sociocognitivo. Participaron 34 díadas CSP-infante de CEI del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Se utilizó el MBQS, el AQS y la EECSC. Las CSP tuvieron niveles de sensibilidad adecuados (M = 0.59), pero los infantes no construyeron vínculos de apego con ellas (M = 0.26) debido al corto tiempo de interacción. Tanto la respuesta sensible activa-animada de las CSP (r = 0.51) como el comportamiento de base segura de los infantes (r = 0.4) se asociaron con su desarrollo sociocognitivo. Se sugiere que las CSP permanezcan con el mismo grupo de infantes durante toda su estancia en el CEI.

Quality of care is a potentially important determinant of child outcomes. Professional Secondary Caregiver (PSC)-child interactions constitute the core of process quality. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between the PSC's sensitivity, child security -as assessed with the scores derived from Q-Sort descriptions (MBQS and AQS)- and socio-cognitive development (as derived from an assessment) in an accidental sample of 34 dyads trough a cross-sectional study. PSC were highly sensitive (M = .59) but children had less than 4 months interacting with them and showed it was insufficient time to establish a secure base relationship. Adequate and appropriate responses from the nonmaternal caregiver to communication and signs the infant is making relate to the child's socio-cognitive development. More stable and long term PSC-child relationships would lead to better outcomes in child development, therefore, allowing the PSC to spend more time with the same group of children would be ideal.

MBQS: Método de evaluación para intervenciones en apego dirigidas a primera infancia / MBQS: Evaluation method for attachment-based interventions in early childhood

Presentamos la necesidad de dirigir intervenciones a sujetos cuidadores de menores de edades entre 0 y 6 años, ya que la literatura indica que la habilidad de las personas adultas para ofrecer una respuesta sensible es una poderosa variable para determinar la seguridad emocional del niño o niña. Las intervenciones basadas en la Teoría del Apego deben ser construidas con base en criterios científicos para su replicabilidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es proponer la evaluación de la sensibilidad del sujeto cuidador con el método Q para la puntuación del comportamiento materno (MBQS), de manera previa y posterior a la intervención para sustentar su efectividad. El MBQS evalúa naturalísticamente al cuidador o cuidadora y a la calidad de la interacción, por lo cual resulta una herramienta válida y confiable para valorar las intervenciones dirigidas a las personas cuidadoras de la primera infancia...

Aproximación Psicométrica al Uso de los Q-Sorts en Contextos de Educación Inicial / Psychometric Evaluation of the Q-Sorts in Initial Education Contexts

La sensibilidad del cuidador se refiere a la pronta y adecuada lectura, interpretación y respuesta a las señales del infante que promueve la construcción de vínculos de apego. La crianza actual incluye, además de la díada mamá-infante, a cuidadores secundarios profesionales (CSP) en centros de educación inicial (CEI). El AQS (Waters, 1995) evalúa las conductas de base segura que el infante despliega con su cuidador; el MBQS (Pederson & Moran, 1995) la sensibilidad del adulto. Se observaron 34 diadas CSP-infante en CEI de prestación indirecta del IMSS con el apoyo del AQS y el MBQS para explorar la configuración factorial de los constructos planteados por la teoría del apego para cuidadores primarios -sensibilidad y conductas de base segura- (Bowlby 1969, 1973; Ainsworth & Wittig, 1969; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978) con CSP en CEI. Se identificó que el Q-Sort del apego adaptado (QSA) explica un 52.99% de la varianza (α=.69) y se diferencia del AQS en la Inconsistencia en el vínculo con la CSP. Para la sensibilidad, el QSCCSP (Q-Sort del Comportamiento del CSP) explicó el 45.35% de la varianza (α=.91) reduciendo el número de factores del MBQS y disminuyendo la especificidad de los mismos.

As more women enter the workforce either as half or full time, it is now the norm in many societies for children to be placed in childcare before their first birthday. Because most of these children spend at least eight hours in childcare, we need to assess the quality of the service supplied by professional secondary caregivers (PSC). Maternal sensitivity is defined as mother's ability to perceive and respond promptly and accurately to the child's signals (Bowlby, 1969; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978). The AQS (Waters, 1995) consists of 90 items describing attachment relevant infant behavior; the MBQS (Pederson & Moran, 1995) consists of 90 items describing maternal behavior. 34 child-PSC dyads were assessed in Mexican Social Security Child Care centers with the AQS and MBQS, to explore the factorial structure of sensitivity and secure base behaviors in Child Care facilities. The Child Care-adapted version of the AQS explains 52.99% of the variance (α=.69) and underlines the inconsistency of the relationship. The Professional Secondary Caregiver Q-Sort (PSCQS) explains the 45.35% of the variance (α=.91) with few and less specific factors than those previously reported in the MBSQ.